Periodontitis is a common and serious oral health condition that affects the tissues surrounding the teeth, including the gums, bone, and connective ligaments. It is a form of gum disease, also known as periodontal disease, and it typically develops as a progression of gingivitis, which is a milder form of gum disease.

​

Key characteristics and features of periodontitis include:

​

1. Inflammation of Gums: The condition often begins with inflammation of the gums, which can lead to redness, swelling, and bleeding during brushing or flossing.

2. Pocket Formation: Over time, the inflammation can result in the formation of pockets or spaces between the teeth and gums. These pockets can accumulate debris and bacteria, further exacerbating the condition.

3. Loss of Tooth Support: Periodontitis can lead to the breakdown of the bone and connective tissues that support the teeth. As these structures deteriorate, the teeth may become loose and may eventually be lost.

4. Systemic Health Implications: Emerging research has suggested a link between periodontitis and other systemic health conditions, such as heart disease, diabetes, and respiratory diseases.

5. Symptoms: Symptoms of periodontitis can include bad breath, gum recession, pain, and pus around the teeth and gums.

6. Risk Factors: Several factors can contribute to the development of periodontitis, including poor oral hygiene, smoking, genetics, certain medical conditions, and certain medications.

​

​

Oral lichen planus is a chronic inflammatory condition that affects the mucous membranes in the mouth, including the lining of the cheeks, gums, tongue, and inner lips. It is considered a type of lichen planus, which can also affect the skin, nails, and other mucous membranes. The exact cause of oral lichen planus is not well understood, but it is believed to involve an autoimmune response, where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks the mucous membranes in the mouth.

​

Here are some key characteristics and features of oral lichen planus:

​

1. Oral Lesions: The hallmark of oral lichen planus is the development of white, lacy, raised lesions (known as reticular or Wickham's striae) on the mucous membranes in the mouth. These lesions can be painful or uncomfortable, particularly when eating or drinking.

2. Symptoms: In addition to the white, lace-like lesions, oral lichen planus can cause symptoms such as burning, pain, or discomfort in the mouth. Severe cases can lead to difficulty in eating and drinking.

3. Variety of Forms: Oral lichen planus can take on different forms, including the reticular pattern mentioned earlier, as well as erosive (ulcerative) and bullous forms. Erosive lichen planus can cause painful, open sores or ulcers in the mouth.

4. Risk Factors: While the exact cause is unclear, certain factors may increase the risk of developing oral lichen planus, including genetics, autoimmune disorders, and exposure to certain medications or allergens.

5. Diagnosis: Diagnosis is typically made by a healthcare provider or dentist based on clinical examination and, in some cases, a biopsy of the affected tissue.

6. Treatment: Treatment aims to manage the symptoms and alleviate discomfort. This can involve the use of topical corticosteroids, oral rinses, or other medications to reduce inflammation and pain. In severe cases, systemic medications or phototherapy may be recommended.

​

Orofacial granulomatosis (OFG) is a rare inflammatory condition that primarily affects the soft tissues of the mouth and face. It is characterized by the development of non-caseating granulomas, which are small, inflamed lumps or nodules. These granulomas can form in various parts of the orofacial region, including the lips, tongue, cheeks, and the inside of the mouth.

​

Here are some key characteristics and features of orofacial granulomatosis:

​

1. Swelling: One of the most common symptoms of OFG is the swelling of the lips, tongue, and cheeks. This swelling can be persistent and may fluctuate in severity.

2. Granulomas: The formation of granulomas is a hallmark of OFG. These granulomas consist of immune cells and are a response to inflammation. They can be present both on the inside and outside of the mouth.

3. Ulceration: In some cases, ulceration of the oral mucosa (the lining of the mouth) may occur. This can cause discomfort and pain.

4. Symptoms: Individuals with OFG may experience discomfort, pain, or a burning sensation in the affected areas. Speech and eating may be affected if the condition involves the tongue or cheeks.

5. Triggers: The exact cause of OFG is not well understood, but it may be associated with various triggers, including allergies, food sensitivities, or environmental factors.

6. Association with Crohn's Disease: In some cases, OFG may be associated with Crohn's disease, a type of inflammatory bowel disease. OFG can be considered an oral manifestation of Crohn's disease.

7. Diagnosis: Diagnosis is typically made through clinical examination and a thorough medical history. Biopsy of the affected tissue may be necessary to confirm the presence of granulomas and to rule out other potential causes of oral swelling and inflammation.

8. Treatment: Treatment of OFG aims to alleviate symptoms and reduce inflammation. This may involve the use of topical or systemic corticosteroids, immunosuppressive medications, or dietary modifications to identify and eliminate potential triggers.

9. Prognosis: The course of OFG can vary widely. Some individuals may experience periodic flare-ups, while others may have a more persistent condition. In some cases, OFG may resolve spontaneously, while in others, it may require ongoing management.